1. INTRODUCTION
In the year 200 we understood the high importance of mangrooves. It acts as a sea wall for the shore . The people who lives near sea and use the sea for their daily needs ( Fishing ) need the different types of mangrooves for their food needs , medicinal uses , and mainly for their security from the violence of ocean.
So it need very care and importance. Because of the cruelty fom humans the nature is destroying. We don't think it will also destroy the biodiversity in that place. But the earth will not accept all this cruelties all time. The nature will react. React very harmful to humans. The Tsunami in 200 is only a hint to us.
In 2004 the government and people gave much importance to the mangroove. But later it did not continued as before . Now also the mangrooves of Kerala need great attension.
The mangroove also give shelter to a number of birds and other animals. Many sea fishes also need the mangrooves for their life. Many fishes use the mangroove forest form spawning. Many of the fishes are gone from mangroove forest because of the indiscriminate felling of mangroove plants. So a study of the biodiversity and the socio-economic importance of mangrooves is needy.This thought encouraged us to do this project. We took the place KOLAVIPALAM to do this project
3. AREA OF STUDY
We took the place KOLAVIPALAM in Kozhikode district , ------------- block , Payyoli panchayath to do this project. This is a sea shore area . Different types of mangrooves are distributed here. There is also an organisation which protect turtles and planting mangrooves. But they also are not so aware of the biodiversity in mangroove forest. The main income of the people liveing here is the fishing and related activities. A few are farmers.
4. HISTORY
In the early the men who were lived near the sea shore (Mentioning about the men who lived at Kolavipalam) used mangrooves for food , medicinal uses , wood and to feed cattles. And mainly for fishing. The fishing in mangroove forest is more easy and it will give more fish which are costly. When the years passed the the wind of mordenity came this way also and started to cut off mangroove. In the starting of 21st century many companies and apartments were came here to destroy the mangrooves.
For their needs they destroyed the mangrooves in a large amount. For the protection of mangrooves many associations came in Kolavipalam and started the plantation of mangrooves.
5. METHODS OF STUDY
A meeting of science student who were selected to have the oportunity to participate in the 'Science Fair' 2010 – 2011 on 9 – 7 – 2010 in the science lab. The meeting was conductud in under the auspises of The principal Sajeevan ------ and other science teachers.
After the discussion we decided to took a project under the main subject 'BIODIVERSITY' to study and decided to study about the Biodiversity and Socio- economic importance of mangrooves in Kolavipalam'.
The project had finished on 2010 November 11. Extra activities are contineuing.
To attain the aims we took the following methods of study as shown as below
1.Survey
2.Documentary
3.Interview
4.Herbarium
5.Photo Album
6.Extra Data Collecting, Specimece collecting
7.Experiments.
8.Study Tours
RESULTS OF STUDY
1.11 species of Mangrove were brought to our Notice
2.”Pranthal Kandal” (Long Fruited silted Mangrove) (Scientific name: Rhizophora mucronata) is the major portion of this forest
3.“Uppatti” (white Mangrove) (Scientific Name: Avicennia officinalis) comes second
4.Only two species are found edible in this area. (a) ”Pranthal Kandal” (Long Fruited silted Mangrove, (b) Nakshthra kandal (Sonneratia alba)]
5.Mangrove plants helps to stabilize coast lines and banks of backwater and coast lines.
6.Mangrove become home to many types animals and birds
7.Mangroves is a breeding centre to breed various species of fishes, crabs, shrimps etc. and thus helps the fisherman to earn their livelihood and gives food safety to local people.
8.Mangroves are habitats of birds
LIST OF MANGROVES FOUND IN KERALA
SL.
NO.
SCIENTIFIC NAME
(SPECIES)
FAMILY
MALAYALAM NAME
1
Acanthus ilicifolius
Acanthaceae
NpÅn, ]bn§¨pÅn, IgpXapÅv
2
Aegicears comiculatum
Myrsinaceae
]q¨ IÂ
3
Avicennia officinalis
Avicennaceae
D¸«n, D¸q¯n, Ducn
4
Avicennia marina
Avicennaceae
sNdp D¸«n
5
Bruguiera Cylindrica
Rhizophoraceae
IqänIÂ,
6
Kandelia candel
Rhizophoraceae
sNdpIÂ, \Ã IÂ
7
Rhizophora mucronata
Rhizophoraceae
{]m´³ IÂ, ]o¡Â
8
R.apiculata
Rhizophoraceae
hÅn IÂ
9
Excoecaria agallocha
Ehphorbiaceae
I®ms¼m«n, sIm½«n
10
Luminitzera racemosa
Combertaceae
IS¡Â, ]cqXe
11
Barringtonia racemosa
Lecythidaceae
kap{Zm¡
12
Sonneratia caseolaris
Sonneratiaceae
\£{X IÂ
13
Sonneratia caseolaris
Sonneratiaceae
»m¯n, Nncme, N¡cIÂ
14
Acrostichum aureum
Pteridaceae
aNn³tXmÂ, Xhn¡mSv, Nhnt¯mÂ
15
Ceasalpinia nuga
Caesalpiniaceae
Ig©n, I¡apÅv
16
Derris trifoliate
Papilionaceae
s]m¶qwhÅn,
17
Derris scandens
Papilionaceae
]qªmenhÅn
18
Clerodendrum inerme
Verbenaceae
]pgapÃ, \oÀs\m¨n
19
Morinda citrifolia
Rubiaceae
a©\m¯n
20
Premna serratifolia
Verbenaceae
ap«\mdn, tImgnb¸, ]pgapª
21
Pongamia pinnata
Papilionaceae
D§v, ]pgImªncw
22
Cerbera manghas
Apocyanaceae
HXfw
23
Crinum defixum
Amarylidaceae
]pgenÃn
24
Hibiscus tiliaceus
Malvaceae
\oÀ¸cq¯n
25
Pandanus tectorius
Pandanaceae
ssIX, Xmg¼q
26
Dolichandrone spathaceae
Bigonoiaceae
\oÀs¸m§new
27
Calophyllum inophyllum
Clusiaceae
Bäp]p¶
28
Ardisia littoralis
Myrsinaceae
29
Dalbergia candenatensis
Papillonaceae
s\t·\nhmI
30
Dalbergia spinosa
Papillonaceae
31
Impmoea companulata
Convolvulaceae
AS¼v hÅn
32
Ipomoea biloba
Convolvulaceae
33
Melastoma malabarthricum
Melastomaceae
AXncmWn
34
Calmus rotang
Palmaceae
35
Cayratia triplia
Vitaceae
sNmdnhÅn
36
Fimbristylis miliacea
Cyperaceae
37
Fimbristylis miliacea
Cyperaceae
38
Fimbristylis ovatus
Cyperaceae
39
Mariscus javanicus
Cyperaceae
40
Cyperus defixum
Cyperaceae
41
Cyperus difformis
Cyperaceae
42
Cyperus haspan
Cyperaceae
44
Cyperus pumilus
Cyperaceae
courtesy: Jaffer Palot
ECOLOGICAL SERVICES OF MANGROVE
i)Protection against floods, hurricane, tsunami and tidal waves
ii)Control on shore line and river bank erosion.
iii)Biophysical support to other coastal ecosystem
iv)Provision of breeding, nursery and feeding grounds to varities of fishes, crabs etc. etc.
v)Maintenance of biodiversity and genetic resources
vi)Storage and recycling of organic matter, nutrients, and pollutions (includes absorption of Heavy Metals)
vii)Production of oxygen
viii)Sink for carbon dioxide
ix)Water catchments and ground water recharge
x)Topsoil formation and maintenance of fertility
xi)Influence in local and global climate
xii)Habitat for indigenous people
xiii)Sustaining the livelihood of coastal communities
xiv)Heritage values
xv)Artistic inspiration
xvi)Educational and Scientific information
NATURAL PRODUCTS FROM MANGROVES
i)
Fuel
Firewood
ii)
Construction
Timber - construction
Boat Building
iii)
Fishing
Poles for fish traps
Fish attracting shelters
iv)
Food
Fish
Crabs
Molluscs
Shell fishes
Other fauna
Vegetables from fruits and leaves
Honey (from flowers of mangrove)
iv
Medicine
From Barks, fruits, leaves and seeds
V
Household items
Furniture, Wax, Glue, Match sticks
vi
Other products
Cattle fodder (Leaves), Raw materials for handicrafts etc.
The Environmental and socio-economic influence of mangrove wetlands can be studied by analyzing its ecosystem service value. The method of Costanza et al. (1997) is used to calculate the ecosystem service values. Mangrove wetlands are the source of nutrition and habitation for many species of life. Wetlands are the world's most productive areas for nutrition in the food web, and are particularly efficient converters of solar energy. The plants present in the wetlands convert sunlight into plant material and produce oxygen as a byproduct. This production is an integral part of the interdependent system of a food web.
ECOSYSTEM SERVICE VALUES OF MANGROVE WETLANDS (IN US $ /HA/YEAR):
1
Ecosystem function in terms of dry matter/ha/year -
150
2
Fish and shellfish habitat
2000
3
Waterfowl and other bird habitat
1200
4
Wildlife habitat
1000
5
Pollution filtration -
260
6
Protection against Tsunami and wave damage
1500
7
Heavy metal removal -
100
8
Oxygen production (20 kg./ha)
40
9
Nutrient production and recycling
450
10
Chemical pollution absorption
300
11
Aquatic production -
350
12
Microclimate regulation
800
13
World climate regulation
100
14
Flood control
600
15
Erosion control
800
16
Ground water and recharge supply
60
17
Energy sourc
80
18
Livestock grazing
30
19
Fishing
90
20
Fertilizer industry
50
21
Recreation & Aesthetics
500
22
Preservation of gene pool
200
23
Scientific research
100
Total
10760
ECOSYSTEM SERVICE VALUE (ESV) OF WETLANDS OF STUDY AREA (KOLAVI PALAM)
As KOLAVIPALAM is having a total of 3750 ha of mangrove wetlands, the ecosystem service value per year can be calculated as 10760X3750 = 41100000 US $. Approximately it is equal to Rs. 164 crores and 40 lakhs.
DATA
Mangrove forests are one of the most productive and bio diverse wetlands on earth. Yet, these unique coastal tropical forests are among the most threatened habitats in the world. They may be disappearing more quickly than inland tropical rainforests, and so far, with little public notice. Growing in the inter-tidal areas and estuary mouths between land and sea, mangroves provide critical habitat for a diverse marine and terrestrial flora and fauna. Healthy mangrove forests are key to a healthy marine ecology. Mangroves are marine tidal forests and they are most luxuriant around the mouths of large rivers and in sheltered bays and are found mainly in tropical countries where annual rainfall is fairly high. Mangrove plants include trees, shrubs, ferns and palms. These plants are found in the tropics and sub-tropics on riverbanks and along coastlines, being unusually adapted to anaerobic conditions of both salt and fresh water environments. These plants have adapted to muddy, shifting, saline conditions.
STILT ROOTS
They produce stilt roots, which project above the mud and water in order to absorb oxygen and so helps to prevent soil erosion. Mangrove plants form communities which help to stabilize banks and coastlines and become home to many types of animals.
STILT ROOTS
However, in many areas of the world, mangrove deforestation contributing to fisheries declines, degradation of clean water supplies and salinisation of coastal soils, erosion, and land subsidence, as well as the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In fact, mangrove forests fix more carbon dioxide per unit area than phytoplankton in tropical oceans. Mangrove forests once covered ¾ of the coastlines of
tropical and sub-tropical countries. Today less than 50% remain, and of this remaining forest, over 50% is degraded and not in good form. There needs be greater protection on primary or high quality mangrove sites knowing that the total remaining area will continue to decrease. Many factors contribute to mangrove forest loss, including the charcoal and timber industries, urban growth pressures, and mounting pollution problems. However, one of the most recent and significant causes of mangrove forest loss in the past decade has been the consumer demand for luxury shrimp, or “prawns”, and the corresponding expansion of destructive production methods of export-oriented industrial shrimp aquaculture. Vast tracts of mangrove forests have been cleared to make way for the establishment of coastal shrimp farm facilities.
Degraded Mangrove
In India, mangroves occur on the West Coast, on the East Coast and on Andaman and Nicobar Islands, but in many places they are highly degraded. According to the Government of India (1987), India lost 40 percent of its mangrove area in the last century. The National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) recorded a decline of 7000 ha of mangroves in India within the six-year period from 1975 to 1981. In Andaman and Nicobar Islands about 22 400 ha of mangroves were lost between 1987 and 1997.
Mangroves removed for constructing flats
India has a long tradition of mangrove forest management. The Sunderbans mangroves, located in the Bay of Bengal (partly in India and partly in Bangladesh), were the first mangroves in the world to be put under scientific management. Other mangroves of the East Coast are found in the deltas of the Godavari, Krishna Mahanadi and Kollidam rivers and in smaller patches along the coast. The area’s first management plan was implemented in 1892 (Chaudhuri and Choudhury, 1994).
More recently, the concern of the Government of India for the conservation of forests and wildlife was clearly demonstrated by a 1976 amendment to the Indian Constitution, which states that it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife. Recognizing the importance of mangroves, the Government of India set up the National Mangrove Committee in the Ministry of Environment and Forests in 1976 to advise the government about mangrove conservation and development. In its first meeting, the panel, which consists of scientists, research scholars and experts on the mangrove ecosystem, emphasized the need to conduct a survey of the extent of existing mangrove areas within the country. The government subsequently introduced a scheme for mangrove conservation and protection, consisting of:
• Identification of selected mangrove areas for conservation;
• Preparation of a management plan;
• Promotion of research;
• Adoption of a multidisciplinary approach involving state governments, universities, research institutions and local organizations, In 1979, the National Mangrove Committee recommended areas for research and development and for management of the mangroves, which included the following:
• Nationwide mapping of the mangrove areas, preferably by remote sensing techniques coupled with land surveys, and time series to assess the rate of degradation of the ecosystems;
• Quantitative surveys of areas, climatic regime, rate of growth of forest trees and seasonal variations of environmental parameters;
• Assessment of suitable sites for reserve forests; Conservation
programmes;
• Afforestation of degraded mangrove areas;
• Study of management methods, the ecology of mangroves, their flora and fauna, their microbiology and the biochemistry of organic matter and sediments.
On the basis of the National Mangrove Committee’s recommendation, 15 mangrove areas were identified for conservation. The Government of India has provided guidance and financial assistance to states and Union Territories for the preparation and implementation of Management Action Plans for the conservation and development of these mangrove ecosystems. Most of these plans are now being implemented. The plans broadly cover survey and demarcation, natural
regeneration in selected areas, afforestation, protection measures, fencing and awareness programmes. The government also supports research by academic institutions for development of mangrove ecosystems on a sound ecological basis. The National Forest Policy. 1988 lists effective conservation and management of natural forest ecosystems (including the mangrove ecosystem) as a priority area for forestry research. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 has had a crucial role in the conservation and management of mangrove ecosystems. It declares a Coastal Regulation Zone in which industrial and other activities such as discharge of untreated water and effluents, dumping of waste, land reclamation and bunding is restricted in order to protect the coastal environment. Coastal stretches are classified into four categories, and mangroves are included in the most ecologically sensitive category.
This satellite image shows the forest in the protected area. The Sundarbans appears deep green, surrounded to the north by a landscape of agricultural lands, which appear lighter green, towns, which appear tan, and streams, which are blue.
Geographical location of Sundarban lies south-east of Calcutta in the 24- Paraganas District of West Bengal and forms part of the Gangetic Delta, which borders on the Bay of Bengal. Consists of Matla, Goashaba, Chhotahardi, Mayadwip, Chamta, Gona and Baghmara forest blocks, which are bounded by the Matla/Bidya and Haribhanga/Raimangal rivers to the east and west, respectively. The northern boundary is buffered by Netidhopani and Chandkhali forest blocks.
The Sundarbans, covering some 10,000 sq.km. of mangrove forest and
water (of which some 40% is in India and the rest in Bangladesh), is part of the world’s largest delta (80,000 sq. km.) formed from sediments deposited by three great rivers, the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna, which coverge on the Bengal Basin. The whole Sundarbans area is intersected by an intricate network of interconnecting waterways, of which the larger channels are often a mile or more in width and run in a north-south direction. These waterways, apart from the Baleswar River on the eastern edge of the Bangladesh Sundarbans, now carry little freshwater as they are mostly cut off from the Ganges, the outflow of which has shifted from the Hooghly-Bhagirathi channels progressively eastwards since the seventeenth century (Seidensticker and Hai, 1983). This is due to subsidence of the Bengal Basin and a gradual eastward tilting of the overlying crust. In the Indian Sundarbans, the western portion receives some freshwater through the Bhagirathi-Hooghly river system but that portion designated as the tiger reserve is essentially land-locked, its rivers having become almost completely cut off from the main freshwater sources over the last 600 years (Sanyal and Bal, 1986), thus waterways in the tiger reserve are maintained largely by the diurnal tidal flow, the average rise and fall being about 2.15m on the coast and up to 5.68m on Sagar Island (Lahiri, 1973). Tidal waves are a regular phenomenon and may be up to 7.5m high. The land is constantly being changed, moulded and shaped by the action of the tides, with erosion processes more prominent along estuaries and deposition processes along the banks of inner estuarine waterways influenced by the accelerated discharge of silt from seawater (Sanyal and Bal, 1986). About half of the Sundarbans is under water (Lahiri, 1973) and the rest of the landscape is characterized by low-lying alluvial islands and mud banks, with sandy beaches and dunes along the coast. As with the rest of the Bengal Plain, alluvial deposits are geologically very recent and deep, sediment of just the last few million years being as much as 1,000m thick (Seidensticker and Hai, 1983). The subsoil consists of alternate layers of clay and sand, gradually changing into shales and sandstone. The soil is clayey loam down to a depth of 1.1-1.4m and thereafter stiff black clay. It is alkaline due to an excess of sodium chloride (Lahiri, 1973). Rainfall is heavy and humidity high (80% on average) due to proximity of the Bay of Bengal. The monsoon usually lasts from mid-June until mid-September, after which fair weather prevails until mid-March. The mean annual rainfall recorded at the observatory on the nearby Island of Sagar was 2002mm in 1937-1946, that for Jhingakhali Station in the northern part of the reserved forests was 1920mm in 1970-1972. Mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures recorded at the latter was 34oC and 20oC, respectively. Prevailing wind is from the north and north-east from October to mid-March, although January and February are calm. Violent south-west prevails from mid-March to September. Storms are common in May and October-November, sometimes developing into cyclones which are usually accompanied by tidal waves and cause much loss of life and damage to property and the forests (Lahiri, 1973). Meteorological data for 1955-1960 are presented by Mukherjee (1975). There are meteorological stations at Haldi, Jhingakhali and Sajnakhali.
The entire mangrove forest extends over an area of 4,262 sq.km. of which 2,320 sq.km. is forest and the rest is water (Mukherjee, 1975), and is called Sundarban owing to the dominance of the tree species Heritiera fomes, locally known as ‘sundari’ because of its elegance (Jain and Sastry, 1983).
Sundary Tree
This march Vegetation consists of elements of the Malayan Peninsular and Polynesian regions, together with some Indo-Chinese, Ethiopian and a few of the New World. It is not found elsewhere except in a small part of the Mahanadi and Godavari deltas to the south-west and the Bay Islands (Mukherjee, 1975). Prain (1903) lists 334 species found in the Sundarbans. Champion (1936) classified the Sundarbans as moist tropical seral forest, comprising beach forest and tidal forests. The latter are subdivided into four types, of which only low mangrove forest and salt-water Heritiera forests occur within Indian territory. Beach forest occurs on coastal islands comprising low sand-dunes which, together with lime formed from disintegrating shells and salt, give rise to a pronounced xerophytic habitat despite the high rainfall. Sand-dunes are partially covered with speargrass, behind which are creepers and shrubs or trees, such as jhao Tamarix troupli, palita Erythrina variegate and kulsi Aegiceras comiculatus. Salt-water Heritiera forest (6-11m high), a low salinity vegetation type, occurs between the Raimangal and Matla rivers, where freshwater flows from the lchamati River into the Raimangal River. Characteristic species include garjan Rhizophora sp., kankra Bruguera gymnorhiza, goran Ceriops sp., and been Avicennia officinalis Heritiera fomes is scattered over areas of higher elevation, along with keora sonneratia apetala, gengwa Excoecaria agallocha, dhundul Carapa obovata and the date palm or hental Phoenix paludosa. The golpata palm Nipa fruticans is reatively uncommon but occurs on wet mud-banks along the creeks. Low mangrove forest (3-6m high) occurs between Matla and Muriganga, to the west of the National park and tiger reserve, this area being devoid of freshwater because its rivers are cut off from the ramifications of the Hooghly in the north. Soft mud, which is submerged by the tides, supports a dense forest,very similar in composition to salt-water Heritiera forest except that sundari and golpata are virtualyu absent. Goran and been are the commonest trees, occupying extensive areas but only growing up to 2m. Clusters of hental are very common. Certain forest tracts on low-lying islands were cleared some two hundred years ago and gradually claimed for cultivation. Various trees and other plants were introduced, including some exotics (Mukherji) 1975; also see Lahiri, 1975; Jain and Sastry, 1983). In a more recent examination of the composition and structure of the mangrove vegetation, 69 plant species are identified (Calcutta University, 1987). This report also includes inventories of algae, phytoplankton and fun.
FISHES & SEA CREATURES OBSERVED IN
KOLAVIPALAM MANGROOVE FOREST
BIRDS OBSERVED IN
KOLAVIPALAM MANGROOVE FOREST
OTHER ANIMALS OBSERVED IN
KOLAVIPALAM MANGROOVE FOREST
PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
1.Ensure the protection of different types of mangrooves
2.Conduct classes to make an aware of mangrooves and its biodiversity in the schools.
3.Conduct an exhibition for the people and students to make an aware under the auspieces of science club.
4.Find the new medicinal importance and other uses of mangrooves
5.Reach the study results in research centers and ask the help and advise for the project.
6.Research to 'Produce energy from mangrooves'
EXTRA ACTIVITIES
Send the study results to research centers like M.S.S.R.F. (M.S. Swaminathan Research Center) and other organisations which are urgently needing informations in this project.
Make a LEAFLET in the title “PROTECT THE BIODIVERSIT IN KOLAVIPALAM”
Conduct a class about the various animals and plants which had been disappeared from Kolavipalam.
Creating of blog , Web site
Making of a documentary.
Awareness programmes like
Speech in Assembly\
Debate, Discussions
Day celebrating
Making of Presentation
Exhibition of posters
Exhibition of specimens collected from Kolavipalam.
THANKZZ.............
Many organisations and personalities hhelped to do this project
Theeram Samrakshana Samithi
These two organisations helped us very much to collect the needy data. We are thankful to the experts of them also.
We are thankful to the people in Kolavipalam, the science club members and to the experts who helped us for the interview like,
We are greatly thankful to our respected principal sajeevan and to our teachers who guided to do this project Mr. Saji, Mr. Bijesh, Mrs. Suma, etc.
We are thanking here to our classmates , other science club members , and to PTA members who helped us to make this project success.
We are thankful to
--------------------------------
--------------------------------
APPENDIX
SURVEY
പേര് :
വീട്ടു പേര് :
വാര്ഡ് : വീട്ടു നമ്പര് :
പഞ്ചായത്ത് :
QUESTIONS
(1)നിങ്ങള് കണ്ടല് ഭക്ഷണത്തിനുപയോഗിക്കാറുണ്ടോ?
(2)നിങ്ങള് കണ്ടല് ഔഷധമായി ഉപയോഗിക്കാറുണ്ടോ
കണ്ടലിന്റെ ഔഷധമൂല്യം അറിയുമോ?
(3)മറ്റ് എന്തെങ്കിലും ആവശ്യത്തിന് നിങ്ങള്
ഉപയുക്തമാക്കാറുണ്ടോ? ഉണ്ടെങ്കില് എന്തിന്?
(4)പണ്ടത്തെക്കാളും കണ്ടല് വനങ്ങളുടെ വിസ്തൃതിയില്കുറവു
വന്നിട്ടുണ്ടോ?
(5)കണ്ടലിന്റെ നാശത്തിന് മാലിന്യങ്ങള് കാരണമാകാറുണ്ടോ?
മാലിന്യങ്ങള് അല്ലാതെ മറ്റെന്തെങ്കിലും
പ്രശ്നങ്ങള്കണ്ടലിന്റെ നാശത്തിന് കാരണമാകാറുണ്ടോ?
(6)കണ്ടല് വിസ്തൃതിയുടെ വര്ദ്ധനവില് ഇവിടുത്തെ
സംഘടനകള് വഹിച്ച പങ്ക് വളരെ വലുതാണ്. ഇപ്രകാരം
കണ്ടല് വര്ദ്ധിച്ചതില്പ്പിന്നെ ഈ പ്രദേശത്ത് എന്തെല്ലാം
മാറ്റങ്ങള് ഉണ്ടായിട്ടുണ്ട്?
(7)കണ്ടല് വന വര്ദ്ധനവ് മത്സ്യ സമ്പത്ത് വര്ദ്ധിപ്പിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടോ?
ഏതെല്ലാം മത്സ്യങ്ങളാണ് ഇവിടെ പ്രധാനമായും കാണപ്പെടുന്നത്?
(8)കണ്ടല് വനങ്ങളുടെ സുരക്ഷാ പ്രവര്ത്തനങ്ങളില്
പങ്കാളികളാകുവാന് താത്പര്യമുണ്ടോ?
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